Sensing (sensor engineering) is the academic discipline and practical application focused on the design, development, fabrication, deployment, and integration of sensors and sensor systems. This field encompasses the selection and utilization of diverse materials, including ceramics materials and optoelectronic materials, for transducer elements, and involves the rigorous application of systems design principles to create functional sensing units. It addresses the integration of communication technologies, such as wireless communications, for data transmission, and is fundamental to the development of sophisticated monitoring and control capabilities, particularly within infrastructure systems and numerous other technological domains where the acquisition of physical or chemical data is required.